| 摘要: |
| 刑事正当防卫和民事正当防卫之关系，是正当防卫教义学中的重要问题。关于此，有区分论和同一论两种见解。区分论难以成立，“立法修订情况不同”“刑法和民法的属性差异”“刑民正当防卫的任务有别”皆非区分刑事正当防卫和民事正当防卫的理由。与此不同，同一论既和法秩序统一原则和正当防卫法理基础相适契，又具有明晰正当防卫图像、便利正当防卫行使的刑事政策效果，是刑民正当防卫关系的妥当解。《刑法》第20条和《民法典》第181条关于防卫限度的不同规定并非反对同一论的理由：“明显超过必要限度造成重大损害的”和“超过必要的限度，造成不应有的损害的”所确立的防卫限度是相同的，皆为“超过必要限度”，两条款的不同点，即“明显”和“重大”，则是由刑事责任和民事责任的差别所致。总之，刑事正当防卫和民事正当防卫是同一关系，两者的法理基础和构成要件皆相同。 |
| 关键词: 刑事正当防卫 民事正当防卫 防卫过当 法秩序统一原则 法理基础 |
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| 基金项目:2023年度国家社会科学基金后期资助项目“正当防卫的法理基础研究”（项目编号： 23FFXB061） |
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| On the Identity Relation between Criminal and Civil Justifiable Defense |
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Xu Wanlong
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| Abstract: |
| The relationship between criminal justifiable defense and civil justifiable defense is an important issue in the dogmatics of justifiable defense. In this regard, there are two opinions: the distinction theory and the identity theory. The distinction theory is difficult to establish because “different legislative amendments”, “different attributes of criminal law and civil law”, and “different tasks of criminal and civil legitimate defense” are not grounds for separating criminal justifiable defense and civil justifiable defense. In contrast, the identity theory is not only compatible with the principle of the unity of the legal order and the legal basis of justifiable defense, but also has the effect of clarifying the image of justifiable defense and facilitating the exercise of justifiable defense rights, which is the correct understanding of the justifiable defense relationship between criminal and civil society. The difference between Article 20 of the “Criminal Law” and Article 181 of the General Principles of the Civil Code regarding the limits of defense is not a reason against the identity theory: the limits of defense established by “obviously exceeds the limits of necessity to cause significant damage” and “exceeds the limits of necessity to cause undue damage” are the same, both being “exceeds the limits of necessity ”, and the difference between the two provisions, i.e. “obviously” and “significant”, is due to the difference between criminal liability and civil liability. In short, criminal justifiable defense and civil justifiable defense are the identity relation, both of which have the same legal basis and constitutive elements. |
| Key words: Criminal Justifiable Defense,Civil Justifiable Defense, Excessive Defense, The Principle of Unity of Legal Order, Jurisprudential Basis |
