| 摘要: |
| 人类辅助生殖技术在临床应用中改变了生育方式，提升了生育自主性和选择性，但也带来新的伦理和法律问题。不同国家的监管立场不同： 美国倾向于放任，德国强调监管，而英国采取的平衡立场在平衡现代医学发展和伦理规范方面相对更优。针对现实纠纷，本文阐明法律上解决问题的共通性规则。第一，对于体外胚胎的处置权归属，在精卵提供者或其继承人与医疗机构的对抗中，法律应给予体外胚胎特殊利益保护；在精卵提供者的内部对抗中，不宜强行将拒绝生育者拉入亲子关系。第二，对于“死后”和“服刑中”群体的生育需求，需要求死者生前的明示同意，而基于比例原则维护良好监狱秩序和增强公众对刑罚体系的信心可对抗服刑人员的生育诉求。第三，由于第三方捐精、捐卵在家庭关系中引入外部遗传因素，需由夫妻共同同意，并由国家制定规则对供精供卵来源进行严格监管；“三亲婴儿”宜区别于基因编辑胎儿。第四，对于植入前遗传学诊断技术应用，应权衡优生和治疗的价值，限制非医学目的性别选择。 |
| 关键词: 体外胚胎 死后精子的使用 三亲婴儿 植入前遗传学诊断 |
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| Exploring the Landscape of Assisted Reproductive Technologies: Legal Considerations in Application Boundaries |
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Yu Jiajia
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| Abstract: |
| Assisted reproductive technologies have transformed fertility options, providing more autonomy and precision while also sparking ethical dilemmas. Regulatory approaches vary worldwide: the US leans towards permissiveness, Germany prioritizes strict regulation, and the UK adopts a balanced approach, harmonizing medical progress with ethical norms. This article aims to address real-world controversies and establish universal legal principles. Firstly, in disputes over embryo ownership, safeguarding their unique interests is crucial in conflicts involving donors and medical facilities. It's vital to avoid compelling unwilling parties into a parental role. Secondly, explicit prior consent is indispensable for posthumous sperm use. When dealing with the reproductive desires of incarcerated individuals, maintaining prison order can offset claims to reproductive rights based on proportionality. Thirdly, third-party sperm or egg donation introduces external genetic factorss, mandating spousal consent and rigorous oversight of genetic sources, with a critical distinction between children with three genetic parents and designer babies. Lastly, in the realm of preimplantation genetic diagnosis, a delicate balance between eugenics and therapeutic benefits needs to be struck, along with restrictions on non-medical gender selection. |
| Key words: In Vitro Embryos, Posthumous Sperm Use, Children with Three Genetic Parents, Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis |
