| 摘要: |
| 为助推《民法典》新增的自助行为的适用，亟须从解释论探讨，并考察其实践适用。自助行为本质为私力救济，为保护情况紧迫而无法及时获得公力救济的请求权而设，蕴含着民刑交叉属性。作为公力救济的例外，它仅能在特定情形下行使，以“拥有合法请求权”为前提，需满足“情况紧迫无法及时获得公力救济”以及“不实施自助行为将使权益损害难以弥补”的要件。至于自助行为应限于合理范围以及事后及时请求公力救济，则非该制度的构成要件，而是行为界限问题。自助行为既可针对相对人的财产，在特定情形下，亦可将《民法典》第1177条第1款中的“等合理措施”解释为可对相对人自由适当限制，但应契合“必要性”要求，并立即诉请公力救济。行为契合自助行为构造者，可阻却侵权违法，亦不会涉及刑事犯罪，而是出罪事由；反之，不当造成他人损害者，对相对人之损害仍应负赔偿责任，严重者，可能涉及向刑事犯罪的转化。对因自助行为引发的民刑交叉案件，应依循法秩序统一原理，严格控制入罪门槛，坚持先民后刑程序，正确界定罪与非罪。 |
| 关键词: 自助行为 私力救济 情况紧迫 违法阻却 民刑交叉 法秩序统一 |
| DOI： |
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| 基金项目:国家社会科学基金一般项目“《民法典》适用中的承包地权利体系解释论”（项目编号： 20BFX102） |
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| Self-help in the Civil Law and Its Limits—And Issues of Civil and Criminal Law Arising from Improper Autonomous Conduct |
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Shan Pingji
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| Abstract: |
| The self-help provision outlined in the Civil Code requires urgent interpretational debate and empirical analysis of its implementation. Self-help is a private remedy created to defend those who, because of the urgency of the issue, do not have timely access to public remedies. It contains cross factors between criminal and civil law. Self-help, which is an exception to public relief, can only be used in specific situations with the prerequisite of “having a legitimate claim” and is only permitted if “pressing circumstances make it impossible to acquire public relief in a timely way” and “failure to exercise self-help will cause irreparable damage to rights and interests”. The act must be kept within reasonable bounds, and then a prompt appeal for a public remedy must be made. These conditions are not constituent elements of self-help, but rather a question of boundaries. The tortfeasor's property may be the target of the act of self-help, and under certain conditions, the term “reasonable measures” in Article 1177(1) of the Civil Code may be interpreted as meaning that the tortfeasor's personal freedom may be appropriately curtailed, so long as the conditions for “necessity” are satisfied and the appropriate state authorities are promptly requested to take action. The act is consistent with the constructor of self-help behavior, which can prevent infringement and illegality. At the same time, it will not constitute a crime, but should be recognized as the cause of exemption from criminal crime. In contrast, those who improperly cause damage to others shall be liable for compensation to their counterparts. In dealing with the cross cases of civil punishment caused by self-help behavior, we should follow the principle of unification of legal order, strictly control the threshold of entering into crime, adhere to the procedures of dealing with civil disputes before criminal offences, and correctly define crime and non-crime. |
| Key words: Self help, Private Remedy, Pressing Conditions, Illegality Deterrence, Interlocked Penal and Civil, Unification of Legal Order |
