| 摘要: |
| 道歉是对悔过的有指向性的表达。指向性是指，这种表达指向的主体通常是其利益因为相关过错而实际受损害的特定或不特定的个人或群体。道歉属于行为，它的实质是表达悔过。悔过的前提是悔过者犯了错。悔过是针对自我的、内在的心理反应或态度，不是外在行为。悔过的充要条件有二，即内疚和改错。属于道歉的典型行为有： 坦白、表达抱歉、认错、承诺改过和补救。可以用教育来促动或引发悔过和道歉，但却不可以强制犯错者道歉。道歉不应该成为对犯错者的羞辱。道歉时常会促进受害人的谅解，但不请求谅解、不被谅解不影响道歉的成立和品质；道歉与谅解在概念上是相互独立的。道歉可以给惩罚者施加相应的宽宥义务。道歉是对待错误及其伤害的正确做法。法制不可以强制道歉，但应该承认和鼓励道歉，至少不要打击道歉。 |
| 关键词: 道歉、悔过、谅解、宽宥、惩罚 |
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| The Concept of Apology： Some Preliminary Thoughts |
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Zhai Xiaobo
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| Abstract: |
| An apology is a directed expression of repentance． “Directed” means that the expression is usually addressed to a person or group whose interest has been harmed by a wrong done by the repenter． An apology is an act， and its essence is an expression of repentance． Repentance presupposes that the repenter has done a wrong． Repentance is a self-directed， internal psychological response or attitude， not an external act． One repents if he feels guilty for the wrong he has done and determines not to repeat the wrongdoing． Typical behaviours of an apology include confession， expression of regret （i.e. ‘I am sorry’）， admission of the wrongdoing， promise not to repeat the wrongdoing， and remedy． Education can be used to encourage repentance and apology， but the wrongdoer should not be forced to apologise; apologies should not be used to humiliate the wrongdoer． An apology often leads to forgiveness on the part of the victim; however， not asking for forgiveness or not being forgiven does not affect the validity or quality of an apology; apology and forgiveness are conceptually independent． An apology may impose a corresponding duty of mercy on the punisher． To apologize is the correct way to deal with a wrong one has done． The Legal system should not force a wrongdoer to apologize， but it should encourage him to make an apology． |
| Key words: Apology, Repentance, Forgiveness, Mercy, Punishment |
