| 摘要: |
| 我国政府和私人之间的生态保护补偿活动，主要依据自上而下的政策并凭借公私协议来规范双方的权义关系。然而，生态保护补偿公私协议的法律属性一直存在争议，影响了专门立法相应的制度安排和司法适用。协议属性判断的前提在于明确认定标准，总体而言，“目的＋主体＋协商＋内容性质＋行政优益权”的五要素综合标准具备合理性，但需要进一步明晰主体和行政优益权的适用范围。基于五要素标准逐一分析，公私协议呈现出了实然的行政协议属性。将生态保护补偿公私协议界定为行政协议，并不是应然的最优选择，其既未发挥替代行政的外部功能且有违比例原则，还难以消除漠视生态保护者财产权的内在缺陷。因此，将生态保护补偿公私协议解释为应然的民事合同更为合理，这一界定不仅有助于更好实现环境目的，还具备理论依据。生态保护补偿目标的长期性与私人财产保护的规范化使然，公私协议行为亟待提升法治化内涵，这就需要在专门立法时充分尊重协议的民事属性，并创造积极的制度条件。 |
| 关键词: 生态保护补偿公私协议 行政协议 民事合同 自然资源使用权 |
| DOI： |
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| 基金项目:国家社会科学基金后期项目“生态保护补偿的法理阐释与制度构造”（项目编号： 21FFXB069） |
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| Legal Nature of Public Private Agreements for Ecological Protection Compensation |
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Pan Jia
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| Abstract: |
| The ecological protection compensation activities between the government and the private individuals in China are mainly based on top down policies and relying on public private agreements to regulate the rights and obligations of both sides. However， the legal attribute of the public private agreement on ecological protection compensation has always been controversial， which has affected the corresponding institutional arrangements and judicial application of special legislation. The prerequisite for the judgment of agreement attribute is to clearly identify the criteria. In general， the five element comprehensive standard of “purpose ＋ subject ＋ negotiation ＋ nature of content ＋ administrative prior rights” is reasonable， but it is necessary to further clarify the application of subjects and the administrative prior rights range. Based on the analysis of the five element standards one by one， the public private agreement presents the attribute of actual administrative agreement. Defining the public private agreement on ecological protection compensation as an administrative agreement is not the optimal choice as it should be. The agreement does not perform the external function of substituting administration and violates the principle of proportionality， which is also difficult to eliminate the inherent defects of ignoring the property rights of ecological protectors. Therefore， it is more reasonable to interpret the ecological protection compensation public private agreement as a civil contract as it should be. This definition not only helps to achieve better environmental goals， but also has a theoretical basis. The long term ecological protection compensation goals and the institutionalization of private property protection determine that the public private agreements urgently need to be promoted in terms of the rule of law， which requires full respect for the civil attribute of agreements and the creation of positive institutional conditions in special legislation. |
| Key words: Ecological Protection Compensation Public Private Agreement, Administrative Agreement, Civil Contract, Natural Resource Use Right |
