| 摘要: |
| 正当防卫中不法侵害现实性的判断，至少要从三个方面予以说明，即判断资料（或判断内容）、判断时间和判断主体。不法侵害是否存在，既不能机械地从事后唯结果论，也不能简单地以行为时防卫人或一般人的主观认识论，而是由司法人员根据事后查明的全部客观事实，来判断不法侵害人在行为时是否有现实可能造成不法侵害。不法侵害是否结束，要从案发当场的时空条件下，客观上不法侵害人是否已丧失侵害能力，以及主观上不法侵害人是否已放弃侵害意愿这两方面去判断。对于已经开始的不法侵害，在案发当场，只要客观上不法侵害人具有侵害能力，主观上没有放弃侵害意思，则应认为不法侵害仍在进行，而没有结束。特殊防卫与一般防卫的起因条件不同，因而在案情发生变化时，存在特殊防卫与一般防卫转化的问题。在于海明案中，刘海龙推搡、踢打于海明的行为是一般侵害；持刀击打于海明的行为属于特殊侵害（严重危及人身安全的暴力犯罪），类型是“行凶”；刘海龙被刺砍而受伤倒地，然后站起来作短暂对峙，属于特殊侵害的继续；跑向宝马车时，只存在一般侵害；绕过车尾以后，不法侵害才结束。于海明刺砍刘海龙致死，成立特殊防卫；刘海龙向车方向跑时，于海明的追砍行为只具备一般防卫的成立条件，所幸未造成过当结果。 |
| 关键词: 正当防卫 不法侵害 现实性 紧迫性 行凶 |
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| Judgment on Reality and Urgency of Unlawful Infringement in Justifiable Defense: a Dogmatic Analysis of Criminal Law on the Yu Haiming Case |
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Zhang Kaijun
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| Abstract: |
| The judgment on the reality of the unlawful infringement in justifiable defense should be explained from at least three aspects, that is, the judgment material （or the judgment content）, the judgment time and the judgment subject. Whether the unlawful infringement exists or not, can neither be mechanically determined by the consequences, nor be simply determined by the subjective cognizance of the defender or ordinary people, but can be determined by judicial personnel who judges whether there is a realistic possibility of the unlawful infringement based on all the objective facts ascertained afterwards. Whether the unlawful infringement is over or not, depends on whether the unlawful infringer has lost the ability of the infringement objectively and whether the unlawful infringer has given up the intention of the unlawful infringement subjectively under the time and space conditions on the spot. For the unlawful infringement that has been started, on the spot, as long as the unlawful infringer has the ability to commit the infringement objectively and does not give up the intention of the infringement subjectively, the unlawful infringement should be considered to be still going on and not finished. The causative condition of special justifiable defense is different from that of general justifiable defense, thus there exists the possibility of transformation between these two types of justifiable defense when the circumstances of the case have changed. In the Yu Haiming case, Liu Hailong's pushing and kicking at Yu is the general unlawful infringement, while his knife wielding attack on Yu is the special unlawful infringement （a violent crime that seriously endangers personal safety）, and the type is “commit physical assault”. Liu was stabbed, cut down and injured, and then stood up for a brief confrontation, all of the conditions are the continuation of the special unlawful infringement. When Liu ran in the direction of the BMW car, there was only the general unlawful infringement. When Liu got around the rear of the car, the unlawful infringement was over. The act of Yus stabbing Liu to death shall be regarded as a special justifiable defense. When Liu ran toward the BMW car, the act of Yu's running after and cutting has the establishment condition of general justifiable defense, amd fortunately, that did not cause the results. |
| Key words: Justifiable Defense,Unlawful Infringement,Reality,Urgency, Commit Physical Assault |
