| 摘要: |
| 证据法上的真正推定需要具备三个特征： 第一，从法律要件事实之外的基础性事实推出要件事实；第二，以法律明文规定为依据；第三，允许反驳。这三个特征使真正推定得以与假定、推论以及拟制等类似现象区分开来。由于真正推定将导致替换证明对象以及倒置证明责任之后果，刑事诉讼原则上没有其存在之空间。为解决诸如故意、过失、犯罪目的等主观要件事实证明困难问题，我国司法实务中创设了大量被称为“允许性推定”的条款。但真正的允许性推定是英美陪审团审判模式之下的一种独特现象，在我国法律体系之下，此类条款在解释论上只能被视为一种证据相关性规则的注意规范。 |
| 关键词: 刑事法律推定 允许性推定 相关性 注意规范 |
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| 基金项目:2018年度国家社会科学基金重大项目“中国特色刑事证据理论体系研究”（项目编号： 18ZDA139） |
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| The Negative Theory of “Presumption of Criminal Law” and the Essence of “Permissive Presumption” |
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Sun Yuan & Liu Huihui
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| Abstract: |
| The true presumption of evidence law needs to have three characteristics. First, the essential facts are derived from the basic facts outside the legal essential facts; second, it is based on the explicit provisions of the law; third, it allows for refutation. These three features distinguish true presumption from similar phenomena such as postulation, inference, and fiction. Since the real presumption will lead to the replacement of the object of proof and the reversal of the burden of proof, there is no room for its existence in criminal procedure in principle. In order to solve the problem of the difficulty of proving subjective elements such as intention, negligence and criminal purpose, a large number of clauses called “presumption of permissibility” have been created in our judicial practice. However, the true presumption of permissibility is a unique phenomenon under the Anglo-American jury trial model. Under our legal system, such a clause can only be regarded as an attention norm of the relevance rule of evidence in interpretative theory. |
| Key words: Criminal Law Presumption, Permissibility Presumption, Relevance, Attention Norms |
