| 摘要: |
| 1215年《大宪章》是英国历史上最重要的法律文件之一，是西方宪政发展的开端。然而，更多基于文本的研究表明，《大宪章》存有被神话的嫌疑。其中最著名的限制王权的第39条“同侪审判”正是最佳例证之一。基于文义和体系解释，该条judicium parium（by the judgment of ones peers）宜译作“同侪审判”。但英格兰随后的立法和司法实践表明，该处的“同侪”多数情形指向的是“贵族”。这实际上反映出，《大宪章》第39条原初乃贵族为对抗英王恣意滥权、维护自身利益而制定的。“同侪审判”逐渐发展为一项特权，其性质、运作与同时期陪审制殊为不同，并在随后数个世纪中固定为以下模式： 上议院集会时，贵族在上议院接受审判；闭会时，由总管大臣法庭按照近似现代陪审制度的方式审理，审理人员均为贵族。起初“同侪审判”的案件范围仅包括叛逆罪及其他重罪，民事案件仍按照普通程序审理。总之，parium（peers）的应然文义是“同侪”，但实然指向多为“贵族”。同侪审判起初并无固定的实施方式，经由不断发展，逐渐产生与近现代陪审团相似之处，但仍有本质区别。 |
| 关键词: 《大宪章》第39条、贵族、同侪审判、陪审制 |
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| 基金项目:国家社会科学基金重大项目“‘一带一路’沿线国家法律文本翻译、研究及数据库建设”（项目编号： 18ZDA157） |
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| “Trial of Peers”： A Textual Study Centered on Article 39 of the Magna Carta |
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Wan Li
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| Abstract: |
| The Magna Carta of 1215, one of the epoch making legal documents in England, initiated the building of the culture of constitutionalism in western states. However, a large body of text based research shows that the Magna Carta has been mystified. This can be exemplified by the prestigious judicium parium （by the judgment of ones peers） in Clause 39. Based on the literal meaning and contextual explanation, judicium parium should be translated into “Tongchai Shenpan” （by the judgment of ones equals） in Chinese. However, the subsequent legislation and the judicial practice in England revealed that the “peers” often referred to as the “peerage” or the aristocracy. This reflects that Clause 39 was originally formulated for the nobles purpose of protecting and preserving their own interests in order to combat the wanton abuse of royal power by ruling sovereigns. As a result, “by the judgment of ones peers” was gradually developed into a privilege, which greatly differed from the contemporary jury system. When the Upper House assembled, the nobles were tried there; not in session, the nobles were tried by the Court of the Lord High Steward via a manner similar to the modern jury system, and the judges were all nobles. At first, only treason and other serious crimes cases were the concerns of this mechanism. By sorting out the text, this paper concludes by clarifying that the literal meaning of parium is “peers/equals” while its signified referred to the “peerage/aristocrat”. While no formal method was affixed to the practice of the trial by the judgment of ones peers from the beginning, somehow, it gradually resembled the modern jury system. It still differs from the latter though, in the essence |
| Key words: Clause 39 of Magna Carta, Peerage, judicium parium, Jury |
