| 摘要: |
| 行政执法领域中存在着所谓“严格立法、普遍违法、选择执法”的难题，执法威慑和最优执法理论只能为这一现象提供部分解释。在将过罚相当等原因纳入考量后，可以发现在低概率执法条件下，所谓的“最优执法”不可能实现，因而产生了执法实践难题。数字化行政执法极大地提高了执法概率，虽然短期看打破了执法威慑的平衡，产生了“天价罚单”等争议，但是从长期看，可以从根本上解决执法实践难题。为了有效实现执法机制的再平衡，需要充分认识执法平衡动态过程的复杂性，并从三个方面完善数字化行政执法制度： 基于比例原则要求的必要威慑，降低单次处罚额度；基于数字时代的精准执法能力，匹配多样化的执法方式；将法律规制焦点前移，重点关注数字化行政执法的设置环节，评估设置的合法性、适当性、必要性和比例性。 |
| 关键词: 数字行政法 行政执法 自动化行政 执法威慑 |
| DOI： |
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| 基金项目:国家社会科学基金青年项目“数字政府建设自动化行政的法律回应研究”（项目编号： 20CFX021） |
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| Digital Administrative Enforcement: Interpretation and Resolution of Practical Enforcement Dilemmas |
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Ma Yanxin
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| Abstract: |
| The field of administrative enforcement has long been plagued by the dilemma of “strict legislation, widespread violation, and selective enforcement”. Traditional theories of enforcement deterrence and optimal enforcement can only provide partial explanations for this phenomenon. When factors such as proportionality between offense and penalty are taken into account, it becomes evident that so-called “optimal enforcement” is unattainable under conditions of low-probability enforcement, thereby giving rise to practical enforcement difficulties. Digitalized administrative enforcement significantly increases the probability of enforcement. Although this may disrupt the balance of enforcement deterrence in the short term—giving rise to controversies such as “sky-high penalties”—it can fundamentally resolve practical enforcement dilemmas in the long run. To effectively achieve a rebalancing of enforcement mechanisms, it is necessary to fully recognize the complexity of the dynamic process of enforcement equilibrium and to improve the digitalized administrative enforcement system from three aspects: first, ensuring necessary deterrence in accordance with the principle of proportionality by reducing the amount of individual penalties; second, matching diversified enforcement methods with the precise enforcement capabilities of the digital era; and third, shifting the regulatory focus upstream to the establishment stage of digitalized administrative enforcement, evaluating the legality, appropriateness, necessity, and proportionality of such arrangements. |
| Key words: Digital Administrative Law, Administrative Enforcement, Automated Administration, Enforcement Deterrence |
